Question: Hugenberg, Miller, and Claypool (2007) conducted a study to better understand the cross-race effect, in which people have a difficult time recognizing members of different racial groups-colloquially known as the "they-all-look-the-same-to-me" effect. In a variation on this study, white participants viewed either 20 black faces or 20 white faces for three seconds each. Half the participants were told to pay particu - lar attention to distinguishing features of the faces. Later, participants were shown 40 black faces or 40 white faces (the same race as in the prior stage of the ex periment), 20 of which were new. Each participant received a score that measured their recognition accuracy.

The researchers reported two effects, one for the race of the people in the pictures, F(1, 136) = 23.06, p

a. What are the independent variables and their levels?What is the dependent variable?

b. What kind of ANOVA did the researchers conduct?

c. Do the reported statistics indicate that there is a significant main effect? If yes, describe it.

d. Why is the main effect not sufficient in this situation to understand the findings? Be specific about why the main effect is misleading on its own.

e. Do the reported statistics indicate that there is a significant interaction? Explain your answer.

f. Draw a table that includes the cells of the study and the cell means.

g. Draw a bar graph that depicts these findings.

h. Describe the pattern of the interaction in words. Is this a qualitative or a quantitative interaction? Explain your answer.