Question: Gender bias in syntax textbooks. To what extent do syntax textbooks, which analyze the structure of sentences, illustrate gender bias? A study of this question sampled sentences from 10 texts. One part of the study examined the use of the words "girl," "boy," "man," and "woman." We will call the first two words juvenile and the last two adult. Here are data from one of the texts:

Gender           n         X(juvenile)

Female          60             48

Male            132             52

(a) Find the proportion of the female references that are juvenile. Then transform this proportion to odds.

(b) Do the same for the male references.

(c) What is the odds ratio for comparing the female references to the male references? (Put the female odds in the numerator.)