QUESTION 1. Which of the following is a basic element of classical criminology?
Human behavior is a product of social, biological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured.
Crime exists because of a lack of norms or clear social standards.
Crime is attractive when it promises great benefits with little effort.
Crime is a product of the capitalist system.
QUESTION 2. Rational choice theorists view crime as both _________ and ________ specific.
Offense and offender
Reward and offender
Victim and offender
Offense and victim
QUESTION 3. ______________ behavior is any action that departs from the social norms of society.
Deviant
Illegal
Criminal
Misdemeanor
QUESTION 4. Which was the first written criminal code?
Common Law Code
Mosaic Code
Code of Hammurabi
QUESTION 5. To address the nonreporting issue, the federal government sponsors the:
IPSR
UCR
FDIC
NCVS
QUESTION 6. ____________ deterrence holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts.
Broad
Interval
Intermediate
Specific
QUESTION 7. ____________ uses multiple advances computational methods, including artificial intelligence, to analyze large data sets usually involving one or more data solutions.
Data mining
Crime mapping
Logic bombing
Trojan horsing
QUESTION 8. Criminologists look for _________ crime-rate patters to gain insight into the nature of crime.
Increasing
Decreasing
Random
Stable
QUESTION 9. In the past, how did criminologists view crime victims?
As an indirect role in a criminal incident.
As merely the passive targets of a criminal's anger or greed.
As fully responsible for the criminal incident.
As an active role in the incident.
QUESTION 10. People who are crime victims are ___________ likely to commit crimes themselves.
Less
Equally
Not
More
QUESTION 11. People living ___________ are more likely to be vandalized.
On military bases
In rural areas
In suburban communities
In cities
QUESTION 12. Victim precipitation can be either:
Scientific or empirical
Active or passive
Encouraged or discouraged
Instigated or non-responsive
QUESTION 13. Shoplifting and vandalism are considered ________ thrills because getting away with crime is a thrilling demonstration of personal competence.
Cunning
Tricky
Sneaky
Sexy
QUESTION 14. What occurs when increased patrols in one community shift the crime to a more vulnerable neighborhood?
Diffusion
Replacement
Discouragement
Displacement
QUESTION 15. What is the repetition of criminal behavior called?
Recidivism
Retaliation
Reparation
Restitution
QUESTION 16. ____________ assumes that behavioral traits may be inherited but that they may also evolve.
Sociobiology
Meta-evolution
Microbiology
Biophysics
QUESTION 17. When looking at the connection between genetics and crime, researchers have evaluated all the following except:
Parental deviance studies
Adoption studies
Twin studies
Diet studies
QUESTION 18. According to social learning theories, violence is learned through a process called
Information processing
Behavioral modeling
Sharing
Personification
QUESTION 19. One's personality reflects a characteristic way of _____________ life's demands and problems.
Ignoring
Adapting to
Rejecting
Manipulating
QUESTION 20. Monozygotic twins will have the same personality.
True
False
QUESTION 21. Problem behaviors typically involve family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment.
True
False
QUESTION 22. The more crime a person commits, the less likely he or she is to suffer premature death.
True
False
QUESTION 23. Most young criminals desist and do not become adult offenders.
True
False
QUESTION 24. The basic premise of ___________ theory is that there is more than one path to crime and more that one class of offender.
Life course theory
Propensity theory
Trajectory theory
Critical theory
QUESTION 25. Which of the following is NOT an element of impulsivity?
Physical
Shortsighted
Verbal
Insensitive