Question . 1

"Lies, damned lies, and statistics" is a phrase describing the persuasive power of numbers, particularly the use of statistics to bolster weak arguments, and the tendency of people to disparage statistics that do not support their positions. It is also sometimes colloquially used to doubt statistics used to prove an opponent's point. Actually, statistics does not prove, it evidences.

The term was popularized in the United States by Mark Twain (among others), who attributed it to the 19th-century British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881): "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics." However, the phrase is not found in any of Disraeli's works and the earliest known appearances were years after his death. Other coiners have therefore been proposed. The most plausible, given current evidence, is Englishman Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke (1843-1911).' (wikipedia)

Consider the entirely fictitious University of South Central Texkansahomatucky (USCT), which is being sued for discriminatory hiring practices. Last year, they hired administrative and academic staff. They received 750 applications from women for administrative positions, of which they hired 250, and 250 applications from women for academic positions, of which they hired 200. In total, then, they had 1000 applications from women of which they hired 450, or 45%. They received 300 applications from men for the administrative positions, of which they hired 75, and 700 applications from men for the academic positions, of which they hired 550. In total, of the 1000 applications they received from men, they hired 625, or 62.5%.

Based on the numbers presented, what do you think of the discrimination claim?

Question . 2

What does a line plot do to the shape of the graph of time values which are not uniformly spaced? Would an XY plot show the shape of the data more accurately?

What does using histogram bin values which are not uniformly spaced do to perception of the shape of the distribution?