"Prostate Survival Studied," reporting on a study published in 2005 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, explains that "men with nonaggressive prostate cancer who were treated with hormones or took no action at all are unlikely to die of the disease even 20 years later, new research shows."20 The study recommends that men with lowgrade, localized cancers should avoid the surgery or radiation that can cause impotence and incontinence.

a. Apparently, a chi-square test was carried out to test for a relationship between treatment (hormones/nothing versus surgery/radiation) and outcome (longterm survival). Was the chi-square statistic for this test large or not large?

b. Was the P-value for the test described in part (a) small or not small?

c. Apparently, another chi-square test has been carried out to test for a relationship between treatment and side-effects such as impotence and incontinence. Was the chi-square statistic for this test large or not large?

d. Was the P-value for the test described in part (c) small or not small?