Literature Review

Social scientists have long been interested in the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Several studies over the past few decades have demonstrated that eyewitnesses are not always accurate (e.g., Buckhout, 1974; Bornstein & Zickafoose, 1999). More recently, many individuals have filed appeals based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence. Of those acquitted on this basis, 78 percent had originally been convicted based on strong eyewitness testimony (Stambor, 2006). One reason witnesses may err when recalling information about a criminal is the misinformation effect, which involves "incorporating 'misinformation' into one's memory of the event after receiving misleading information about it" (Myers, 2008). Elizabeth Loftus (1978, 1979a, 1979b, 2001) and her associates have repeatedly demonstrated this effect, finding that memory can be "constructed" based on suggestive questions and information given after the fact. Other factors that play a role in our ability to recall information are decay and stress. Shapiro & Penrod (1986) presented evidence that suggests memory may decay over time, while other researchers have found that as stress increases, the accuracy of recall decreases (Deffenbacher, Bornstein, Penrod, & McGorty, 2004; Payne, Nadel, Allen, Thomas, & Jacobs, 2002).

Hypotheses

Given what we have learned through the literature review, our hypotheses are:

--There will be a relationship between the type of information conveyed (a misinformation effect) and the accuracy of recall about the color of the vehicle.

--Memory may decay over time.

--The level of stress will affect recall.

--There will be a relationship between the level of stress and confidence, such that confidence declines as stress rises.

Discussion

You will complete this as a part of your final project. The discussion should be written in Week 10, after all results are in. Be sure to discuss your results in relation to the information you learned in the literature review (introduction) and in relation to your hypotheses. This is the discussion section in which you will summarize the project and discuss your results in relation to the literature review and the hypotheses given

I JUST NEED HELP WITH THE DISCUSSION PART!!!

ID Sex Ethnicity Age Car Type of Information StressLevel StressScore Recall1 Recall2 Recall3 Confidence Recall Color

1 1 L 23 Blue Consistent Low 3 12 10 7 100 Correct

2 1 AA 35 Blue Consistent Low 5 6 5 3 112 Correct

3 1 AA 21 Blue Consistent Low 2 11 11 9 125 Incorrect

4 1 C 42 Blue Consistent Low 9 3 4 2 150 Correct

5 1 C 37 Blue Consistent Low 7 8 8 6 136 Correct

6 1 AA 26 Blue Consistent Low 4 13 12 9 107 Correct

7 0 O 24 Green Consistent Low 3 10 9 7 143 Incorrect

8 0 C 19 Green Consistent Low 1 15 13 13 141 Correct

9 0 AA 28 Green Consistent Low 4 11 10 8 134 Correct

10 0 C 20 Green Consistent Low 2 12 11 9 148 Correct

11 0 C 31 Green Consistent Low 5 9 7 5 139 Incorrect

12 0 L 22 Green Consistent Low 3 10 9 7 117 Correct

13 1 AA 25 Blue Consistent Medium 7 11 9 8 76 Correct

14 1 C 32 Blue Consistent Medium 8 5 5 3 99 Correct

15 1 C 27 Blue Consistent Medium 11 10 7 5 124 Incorrect

16 1 C 36 Blue Consistent Medium 9 4 6 5 83 Correct

17 1 AA 24 Blue Consistent Medium 13 7 5 4 105 Correct

18 1 L 29 Blue Consistent Medium 10 12 10 7 78 Correct

19 0 AA 18 Green Consistent Medium 15 9 8 6 91 Incorrect

20 0 C 19 Green Consistent Medium 12 8 8 5 107 Incorrect

21 0 L 21 Green Consistent Medium 10 10 9 7 102 Correct

22 0 AA 22 Green Consistent Medium 14 4 5 3 120 Correct

23 0 C 39 Green Consistent Medium 17 5 4 2 111 Incorrect

24 0 O 33 Green Consistent Medium 16 9 7 6 115 Correct

25 1 AA 23 Blue Consistent High 17 9 7 5 94 Correct

26 1 L 25 Blue Consistent High 18 3 2 2 58 Correct

27 1 AA 32 Blue Consistent High 21 8 6 5 73 Incorrect

28 1 C 22 Blue Consistent High 19 2 1 1 67 Correct

29 1 AA 45 Blue Consistent High 23 5 3 4 81 Correct

30 1 C 49 Blue Consistent High 20 10 7 6 92 Correct

31 0 C 36 Green Consistent High 25 7 5 5 55 Correct

32 0 L 20 Green Consistent High 22 6 5 4 76 Incorrect

33 0 C 19 Green Consistent High 17 8 7 7 60 Correct

34 0 C 24 Green Consistent High 24 2 6 4 89 Correct

35 0 L 27 Green Consistent High 21 3 4 2 72 Correct

36 0 AA 24 Green Consistent High 18 7 4 2 78 Correct

37 1 C 23 Blue Inconsistent Low 5 11 10 8 97 Correct

38 1 L 35 Blue Inconsistent Low 4 7 7 5 107 Incorrect

39 1 AA 21 Blue Inconsistent Low 3 12 10 9 120 Correct

40 1 C 42 Blue Inconsistent Low 8 5 5 4 146 Incorrect

41 1 O 37 Blue Inconsistent Low 9 9 8 6 132 Incorrect

42 1 C 26 Blue Inconsistent Low 3 12 11 9 103 Correct

43 0 L 24 Green Inconsistent Low 4 12 10 8 138 Incorrect

44 0 AA 19 Green Inconsistent Low 3 8 7 5 136 Correct

45 0 C 28 Green Inconsistent Low 2 11 11 9 132 Correct

46 0 AA 20 Green Inconsistent Low 6 9 9 7 143 Incorrect

47 0 C 31 Green Inconsistent Low 4 10 9 7 134 Incorrect

48 0 C 22 Green Inconsistent Low 4 11 10 9 114 Correct

49 1 AA 25 Blue Inconsistent Medium 6 10 8 8 75 Incorrect

50 1 L 32 Blue Inconsistent Medium 9 4 3 3 96 Incorrect

51 1 C 27 Blue Inconsistent Medium 13 9 7 6 121 Correct

52 1 AA 36 Blue Inconsistent Medium 8 5 4 4 80 Incorrect

53 1 C 24 Blue Inconsistent Medium 12 6 4 3 102 Incorrect

54 1 C 29 Blue Inconsistent Medium 11 11 10 8 75 Correct

55 0 C 18 Green Inconsistent Medium 14 8 8 7 89 Incorrect

56 0 AA 19 Green Inconsistent Medium 13 7 6 4 104 Correct

57 0 C 21 Green Inconsistent Medium 16 9 7 6 99 Incorrect

58 0 C 22 Green Inconsistent Medium 15 5 5 3 117 Correct

59 0 L 39 Green Inconsistent Medium 11 4 4 4 109 Incorrect

60 0 AA 33 Green Inconsistent Medium 15 8 6 5 112 Incorrect

61 1 C 23 Blue Inconsistent High 18 7 5 4 93 Correct

62 1 AA 25 Blue Inconsistent High 16 1 1 0 59 Incorrect

63 1 C 32 Blue Inconsistent High 20 7 5 4 71 Correct

64 1 L 22 Blue Inconsistent High 21 3 3 2 68 Incorrect

65 1 O 45 Blue Inconsistent High 22 6 4 3 79 Correct

66 1 AA 49 Blue Inconsistent High 21 8 5 4 94 Incorrect

67 0 C 36 Green Inconsistent High 25 5 4 3 54 Incorrect

68 0 AA 20 Green Inconsistent High 23 4 4 2 77 Correct

69 0 L 19 Green Inconsistent High 19 6 5 3 62 Incorrect

70 0 AA 24 Green Inconsistent High 23 0 1 0 87 Incorrect

71 0 C 27 Green Inconsistent High 22 5 5 3 70 Correct

72 0 L 24 Green Inconsistent High 17 3 3 1 76 Incorrect