Fruit flies. Offspring of certain fruit flies may have yellow or ebony bodies and normal wings or short wings. Genetic theory predicts that these traits will appear in the ratio 9:3:3:1 (9 yellow, normal: 3 yellow, short: 3 ebony, normal: 1 ebony, short). A researcher checks 100 such flies and finds the distribution of the traits to be 59, 20, 11, and 10, respectively.

a) Are the results this researcher observed consistent with the theoretical distribution predicted by the genetic model?

b) If the researcher had examined 200 flies and counted exactly twice as many in each category - 118, 40, 22, 20 - what conclusion would he have reached?

c) Why is there a discrepancy between the two conclusions?