For each of the following research goals, assume that the experimental, correlational, and descriptive strategies are not being used, and identify which nonexperimental or quasi-experimental research design(s) would be most appropriate. (Note that there may be more than one design available for each goal.)

a. Describe how fi ne motor skills change as a group of infants ages from 12 to 18 months.

b. Describe the relationship between alcohol consumption and grade point average for college students. c. Describe gender differences for the social interactions that occur within a group of preschool children while they play in a city park.

d. Describe the effectiveness of a new program (compared to the old program) for teaching reading to elementary school students.