For each of the following hypotheses, decide whether a one-tailed or two-tailed test would be performed:

a. Children with birth defects will score differently than the normal population on a measure of self-esteem.

b. Smoking affects the short-term memory in individuals.

c. People from Asia will score similarly as North Americans on a depression test.

d. Males will score higher than females on a test of sports knowledge.

e. Adolescents who are overweight report fewer close friends than adolescents within average weight.