Do public or private universities tend to have better sociology graduate programs? U.S. News & World Report publishes online rankings of graduate schools across a range of disciplines. Here is its 2005 list of the top 21 doctoral programs in sociology, along with an indication of whether the schools are public or private institutions. Schools listed at the same rank are tied.

a. What is the independent variable, and what are its levels? What is the dependent variable?

b. Is this a between-groups or within-groups design? Explain.

c. Why do we have to use a nonparametric hypothesis test for these data?

d. Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing for a Mann-Whitney U test.

e. How would you present these statistics in a journal article?