Modigliani-Miller world: there are (i) no taxes, (ii) no bankruptcy costs, (iii) no conflicts of interest between bondholders, shareholders and managers, and (iv) firms know their future financing needs. You are looking at a firm with operating cash flows that have a beta of 1.2. The market risk premium is 6% and the risk free rate is 3%. The firm is currently all equity financed but it can borrow as much as it wants at 3%, i.e., for simplicity we assume that the debt is risk free -- there is no bankruptcy risk.
(a) Compute the cost of equity and the WACC for the firm as is (all equity).
(b) Compute the cost of equity and the WACC for the firm, assuming it recapitalizes such that debt becomes 10% of the capital structure.
(c) Repeat part (b) for debt ratios of 20%, 30%, ..., 90%. How does the WACC change as leverage changes? Can you explain the pattern using the concepts we have discussed in class?
(d) Now assume that the firm faces a tax rate of 38%. Compute the cost of equity and the cost of capital for debt ratios 0%, 10%, ..., 90%. How does the WACC change as leverage changes? Can you explain the pattern using the concepts we have discussed in class