"Chopsticks May Cause Arthritis" reported in 2003 on a study of more than 2,500 residents in Beijing that "found that osteoarthritis was more common in the hands used to operate chopsticks-and in the fingers specifically stressed by chopstick use."2

a. Which one of these focuses on data production?

1. Sample proportions are actually fairly close.

2. The P-value is less than 0.05.

3. Because the hand that uses chopsticks would also be the hand used to perform many other tasks, researchers were careful to make a comparison involving the fingers particularly stressed by chopstick use.

4. For all users of chopsticks, there is a slightly elevated risk of hand osteoarthritis.

b. Which one of the statements in part (a) focuses on displaying and summarizing data?

c. Which one of the statements in part (a) focuses on probability?

d. Which one of the statements in part (a) focuses on statistical inference?

e. The article mentions that "the effect is not big" and that "the increase in risk associated with chopstick use is small." Keeping in mind that the sample size is quite large, can we infer that the P-value is not especially small, or that the sample proportions are not especially different, or both of these, or neither of these?