1. You are deciding between two mutually exclusive investment opportunities. Both require the same initial investment of $10 million. Investment A will generate $2 million per year (starting at the end of the first year) in perpetuity. Investment B will generate $1.5 million at the end of the first year and its revenues will grow at 2% per year for every year after that.

a. Which investment has the higher IRR?

b. Which investment has the higher NPV when the cost of capital is 7%?

c. In this case, for what values of the cost of capital does picking the higher IRR give the correct answer as to which investment is the best opportunity?

2. Pisa Pizza, a seller of frozen pizza, is considering introducing a healthier version of its pizza that will be low in cholesterol and contain no trans fats. The firm expects that sales of the new pizza will be $20 million per year. While many of these sales will be to new customers, Pisa Pizza estimates that 40% will come from customers who switch to the new, healthier pizza instead of buying the original version.

a. Assume customers will spend the same amount on either version. What level of incremental sales is associated with introducing the new pizza?

b. Suppose that 50% of the customers who will switch from Pisa Pizza's original pizza to its healthier pizza will switch to another brand if Pisa Pizza does not introduce a healthier Pizza. What level of incremental sales is associated with introducing the new pizza in this case?

3. Bauer industries is an automobile manufacturer. Management is currently evaluating a proposal to build a plant that will manufacture lightweight trucks. Bauer plans to use a cost of capital of 12% to evaluate this project. Based on extensive research, it has prepared the following incremental free cash flow projections (in millions of dollars):

Year 0 Years 1-9 Year 10
Revenues 100.0 100.0

- Manufacturing expenses (other than depreciation) -35.0 -35.0
- Marketing expenses -10.0 -10.0
- Depreciation -15.0 -15.0
- EBIT 40.0 40.0
- Taxes (35%) - 14.0 -14.0
- Unlevered net income 26.0 26.0
- Depreciation +15.0 +15.0
- Increase in net working capital -5.0 -5.0
- Capital expenditures -150.0
- Continuation value +12.0
- Free cash flow -150.0 36.0 48.0

a. For this base-case scenario, what is the NPV of the plant to manufacture lightweight trucks?

b. Based on input from the marketing department, Bauer is uncertain about its revenue forecast. In particular management would like to examine the sensitivity of the NPV to the revenue assumptions. What is the NPV of this project if revenues are 10% higher than forecast? What is the NPV if revenues are 10% lower than forecast?

c. Rather than assuming that cash flows for this project are constant, management would like to explore the sensitivity of its analysis to possible growth in revenues and operating expenses. Specifically, management would like to assume that revenues, manufacturing expenses, and marketing expenses are as given in the table for year 1 and grow by 2% per year every year starting in year 2. Management also plans to assume that the initial capital expenditures (and therefore depreciation), additions to working capital and continuation value remain as initially specified in the table. What is the NPV of this project under these alternative assumptions? How does the NPV change if the revenues and operating expenses grow by 5% instead of 2%?

d. To examine the sensitivity of this project to the discount rate, management would like to compute the NPV for different discount rates. Create a graph, with the discount rate on the x-axis and the NPV on the y-axis, for discount rates ranging from 5% to 30%. For what ranges of discount rates does the project have a positive NPV?

4. Heavy Metal Corporation is expected to generate the following free cash flows over the next five years:
Year 1 2 3 4 5

FCF ($ millions) 53 68 78 75 82

After then, the free cash flows are expected to grow at the industry average of 4% per year. Using the discounted free cash flow model and weighted average cost of capital of 14%:

a. Estimate the enterprise value of Heavy Metal.

b. If Heavy Metal has no excess cash, debt of $300 million, and 40 million shares outstanding, estimate its share price.