An open-end mutual fund has a back-end load of 6% and an expense ratio of 1.35%. The SPY ETF has an expense ratio of 0.09%. You have $1,000 to invest today. As a college student, you have an approximate 40-year investment horizon. Assume that the underlying assets of both funds produce average returns equal to 10.09% (which was the 1967-2016 geometric average return of the S&P 500).

a. How much money do you expect to have at the end of your investment horizon if you invest in the mutual fund?

b. How much money do you expect to have at the end of your investment horizon if you invest in the ETF?

c. What is the total cost of fees and expenses paid to the mutual fund in excess of what would have been paid to the ETF?

d. On a percentage basis, what percent of your potential final net worth (as measured by the final value of the ETF investment) has been paid to the mutual fund manager over the 40-year investment horizon?