Alcohol consumption and body composition. Individuals who consume large amounts of alcohol do not use the calories from this source as efficiently as calories from other sources. One study examined the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on body composition and the intake of other foods. Fourteen subjects participated in a crossover design study in which they either drank wine for the first 6 weeks and then abstained for the next 6 weeks or vice versa.

During the period when they drank wine, the subjects, on average, lost 0.4 kilograms (kg) of body weight. When they did not drink wine, they lost an average of 1.1 kg. The standard deviation of the difference between the weight lost under these two conditions is 8.6 kg. During the wine period, they consumed an average of 2589 calories. With no wine, the mean consumption was 2575. The standard deviation of the difference was 210.

(a) Compute the differences in means and the standard errors for comparing body weight and caloric intake under the two experimental conditions.

(b) A report of the study indicated that there were no significant differences in these two outcome measures. Verify this result for each measure, giving the test statistic, degrees of freedom, and the P-value.

(c) One concern with studies such as this, with a small number of subjects, is that there may not be sufficient power to detect differences that are potentially important. Address this question by computing 95% confidence intervals for the two measures and discuss the information provided by the intervals.

(d) Here are some other facts about the study. All subjects were males between the ages of 21 and 50 years who weighed between 68 and 91 kg. They were all from the same city. During the wine period, subjects were told to consume two 135 milliliter (ml) servings of red wine and no other alcohol. The entire 6-week supply was given to each subject at the beginning of the period. During the other period, subjects were instructed to refrain from any use of alcohol. All subjects reported that they complied with these instructions, except for three subjects who said that they drank no more than three to four 12-ounce bottles of beer during the no-alcohol period. Discuss how these factors could influence the interpretation of the results.