1) Which of the following is not one of the ideas contributed to the criminological literature by labeling theory?

A) Deviant individuals achieve their status by virtue of social definition.

B) Deviance is the consequence of a quality inherent in human activity .

C) Labeling by society tends to perpetuate crime.

D) Negative self-images follow from processing by the formal criminal justice system.

2) The dramaturgical perspective was developed by

A) Ronald Akers.

B) Edwin Lemert.

C) Erving Goffman.

D) Howard Becker.

3) Elder's principle of __________ refers to the fact that the developmental impact of a succession of life transitions is contingent on when in a person's life they occur.

A) historical time and place

B) linked lives

C) timing in lives

D) human agency

4) According to Moffit, a __________ results when adolescents begin to desire autonomy but are prevented from achieving it because of preexisting social expectations.

A) moral enterprise

B) social bond

C) maturity gap

D) control ratio

5) Lawrence E. Cohen and Richard Machelek pioneered the __________ theory.

A) delinquent development

B) evolutionary ecology

C) age-graded

D) dual taxonomic

6) Terence Thornberry developed __________ theory.

A) delinquent development

B) age-graded

C) dual taxonomic

D) interactional

7) Which of the following is not one of the preliminary results of the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program?

A) Serious involvement in drugs is related to serious involvement in delinquency.

B) A lack of commitment to school is associated with higher involvement in delinquency.

C) Delinquency is related to individual risk factors such as impulsivity.

D) Being on welfare is associated with a fairly low risk of delinquency.

8) According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, very young subjects (as young as three years of age) are most likely to be found on the __________ pathway to delinquency.

A) overt

B) multiple disruption

C) covert

D) authority conflict

9) PHDCN is using a(n) __________ research design to study the development of criminal behavior.

A) longitudinal

B) participant observation

C) experimental

D) quasi-experimental

10) The __________ perspective holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life that can never be fully resolved.

A) conflict

B) radical

C) pluralistic

D) consensus

11) In 1905, __________ described the struggle between the haves and the have nots as a natural consequence of a capitalist society.

A) Willem Bonger

B) William Chambliss

C) George Vold

D) Richard Quinney

12) The 1958 book Theoretical Criminology was written by

A) George Vold.

B) Richard Quinney.

C) Austin Turk.

D) Karl Marx.

13) According to Chambliss and Seidman, the __________ a group's political or economic position, the __________ the probability that it's views will be reflected in laws.

A) lower; greater

B) higher; less

C) higher; greater

D) lower; less

14) __________ feminism sees men as controlling women through sexuality and sees society as patriarchal.

A) Alternative (women of color)

B) Socialist

C) Liberal

D) Radical

15) __________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.

A) Anarchic

B) Peacemaking

C) Constitutive

D) Semiotic

16) According to Fox and Levin, the __________ serial killer commits murder to mask other crimes, such as robbery.

A) dominance

B) visionary

C) reformist

D) protection-oriented

17) Which of the following is not a rape myth?

A) Women say no when they really mean yes

B) Women bring false rape charges to get even with men

C) Women are asking for it by wearing provocative clothing

D) They are all current rape myths.

18) According to Baron and Straus, which of the following is not directly linked to increased rates of rape?

A) Higher rates of pornography

B) High levels of gender inequality

C) High rates of legitimate violence

D) High rates of violent crime

19) According to Dennis Stevens, __________ rapists select victims based on the most available target.

A) lust

B) fantasy

C) righteous

D) peer

20) Which of the following is not one of the three strategies drug robbers use to minimize the risk of retaliation inherent in targeting drug dealers?

A) Hypervigilance

B) Intimidation

C) Selective disinhibition

D) Anonymity maintenance

21) The term "cafeteria-style offending" was first used by

A) Mark S. Fleisher.

B) Edwin H. Sutherland.

C) Neil Shover.

D) Malcolm Klein.

22)__________ is defined as "the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another."

A) Arson

B) Robbery

C) Burglary

D) Larceny theft

23) At the time their cars were stolen, what activity are victims most likely to be engaged in?

A) Eating dinner

B) Working a their jobs

C) Sleeping

D) Attending a party

24) When considering theft from motor vehicles, the most frequently stolen items are

A) cameras.

B) external vehicle parts.

C) stereo equipment.

D) cellular phones.

25) The infirm category of McShane and Noonan's typology of shoplifters was most likely to contain which of the following persons?

A) A young male

B) An elderly female

C) A middle-aged female

D) A middle-aged male