1. Throughput margin is defined as sales less:
a)Direct labor costs.
b)Direct material costs.
c)Direct labor and material costs.
d)Processing costs.
e)Manufacturing costs.

Question 2. 2. Henry Ford was an early pioneer in the use of:
a) the theory of constraints.
b)target costing.
c)life cycle costing.
d)just-in-time manufacturing.

Question 3. 3. During the sales life cycle, which is an example of what happens during the introduction phase? 

a)Sales and price decline, as do the number of competitors.
b)Sales continue to increase but at a decreasing rate. The number of competitors and product variety decline.
c)Sales increase rapidly along with an increase in product variety.
d)Sales rise slowly as customers become aware of the new product or service. Product variety is limited.

Question 4. 4. When a firm determines the desired cost for a product or service, given a competitive market price, in order to earn a desired profit, the firm is exercising:
a) Target costing.
b) Life cycle costing.
c)Variable costing.
d)Absorption costing.
e)Competitive costing.

Question 5. 5. For a direct material, which one of the following is the difference between the actual and standard unit price of the direct material multiplied by the actual quantity of the material purchased?

a) Direct materials purchase price variance.
b) Direct materials volume variance.
c) Direct materials usage variance.
d) Direct materials flexible-budget variance.
e) Direct materials mix variance.