1. In an attempt to measure the emotional effect of a proposed billboard ad, an advertising agency checks the pulse rate of 10 persons before and after they are  shown a photograph of the billboard. The agency believes that an effective billboard will increase the pulse rate   of those who view it. In its test, the agency found the mean change in pulse rate was 15.7 beats per minute, with a standard deviation of 1.6. Using the 0.01 level of sig- nificance, examine whether the billboard stimulus could meet the agency's criterion for effectiveness.

2. The students in an aerobics class have been weighed both before and after the 5-week class, with the following results:

Using the 0.05 level of significance, evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Using the appropriate statistical table, what is the most accurate statement we can make about the p-value for this  test?