1. For a portfolio of 40 randomly selected stocks, which of the following is most likely to be true?

a. The riskiness of the portfolio is greater than the riskiness of each of the stocks if each was held in isolation.

b. The riskiness of the portfolio is the same as the riskiness of each stock if it was held in isolation.

c. The beta of the portfolio is less than the weighted average of the betas of the individual stocks.

d. The beta of the portfolio is equal to the weighted average of the betas of the individual stocks.

e. The beta of the portfolio is larger than the weighted average of the betas of the individual stocks.

2. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. When calculating the cost of debt, a company needs to adjust for taxes, because interest payments are deductible by the paying corporation.

b. When calculating the cost of preferred stock, companies must adjust for taxes, because dividends paid on preferred stock are deductible by the paying corporation.

c. Because of tax effects, an increase in the risk-free rate will have a greater effect on the after-tax cost of debt than on the cost of common stock as measured by the CAPM.

d. If a company’s beta increases, this will increase the cost of equity used to calculate the WACC, but only if the company does not have enough retained earnings to take care of its equity financing and hence must issue new stock.