1. A firm has had the indicated earnings per share over the last three years: (a) If the firm's dividend policy was based on a constant payout ratio of 50 percent, determine the annual dividend for each year. (b) If the firm's dividend policy was based on a fixed dollar payout policy of 50 cents per share plus an extra dividend equal to 75 percent of earnings per share above $1.00, determine the annual dividend for each year.

2. How does asymmetric information affect the firm’s capital structure decisions? How do the firm’s financing actions give investors signals that reflect management’s view of stock value?