1. A case-control study is conducted to assess the relationship between heavy alcohol use during the first trimester of pregnancy and miscarriage. Fifty women who suffered miscarriage are enrolled along with 50 who delivered full term. Each participant's use of alcohol during pregnancy is ascertained. Heavy drinking is defined as 4 or more drinks on one occasion. The data are shown below.

Miscarriage Delivered Full Term

Heavy Alcohol Use 14 4

No Heavy Alcohol Use 36 46

Compute the odds of miscarriage in women with heavy alcohol use in pregnancy.

Odds _{Heavy Use} = ___3.5_____

Compute the odds of miscarriage in women with no heavy alcohol use in pregnancy.

Odds _{No Heavy Use}___.78_____

Compute is the odds ratio for miscarriage as a function of heavy alcohol use.

Odds Ratio = __4.49___

2.     In a nursing home, a program is launched in 2005 to assess the extent to which its residents are affected by diabetes. Each resident has a blood test and 48 of the 625 residents have diabetes in 2005. Residents who did not already have diabetes were again tested in 2010 and 57 residents had diabetes.

What is the prevalence of diabetes in 2005?

Prevalence ₂₀₀₅ = __.0768 or 7.68%______

What is the cumulative incidence of diabetes over 5 years?

Cumulative Incidence _{5 Years} = __.0988 or 9.88%______

What is the prevalence of diabetes in 2010 (assume that none of the residents in 2005 have died or left the nursing home)?

Prevalence ₂₀₁₀ = __.168 or 16.8%______