Special-interest programs are highly attractive to vote-seeking politicians because

1. These programs are highly efficient and therefore they tend to enhance the general welfare of the populace.

2. Members of special-interest groups favoring these programs are less likely to vote than the taxpayers who pay for them.

3. Low-income recipients are the primary beneficiaries of special-interest programs.

4. Members of special-interest groups favoring these programs feel strongly about them while most other voters will be uninformed on the issue