Ralph owns a building that he is trying to lease. Ralph is a calendar-year, cash- method taxpayer and is trying to evaluate the tax consequences of three differ- ent lease arrangements. Under lease 1 the building rents for $500 per month, payable on the first of the next month, and the tenant must make a $500 security deposit that is refunded at the end of the lease. Under lease 2 the building rents for $5,500 per year, payable at the time the lease is signed, but no security deposit is required. Under lease 3 the building rents for $500 per month, payable at the beginning of each month, and the tenant must pay a security deposit of $1,000 that is to be applied toward the rent for the last two months of the lease.

a) What amounts are included in Ralph's gross income this year if a tenant signs lease 1 on December 1 and makes timely payments under that lease?

b) What amounts are included in Ralph's gross income this year if the tenant signs lease 2 on December 31 and makes timely payments under that lease?

c) What amounts are included in Ralph's gross income this year if the tenant signs lease 3 on November 30 and makes timely payments under that lease?