Which one is an example of physician-induced demand (PID)?

a. a doctor who gets paid fee-for-service prescribes a procedure to a patient who does not really need it.

b. A doctor who is part owner of an MRI diagnostic clinic who has thoroughly examined a patient and recommends strongly for the patient to get an MRI before prescribing any medication. In an objective second opinion, two additional doctors say the MRI is not needed.

c. a doctor who is part owner of an MRI diagnostic clinic who has thoroughly examined a patient and recommends strongly for the patient to get an MRI before prescribing any medication. In an objective second opinion, two additional doctors say the MRI is needed.

d. all of the above

e. a and b