Which of the following statements is true regarding inventory transfers between a parent and its subsidiary, using the initial value method?

a) The sale of merchandise between a parent and its subsidiary represents an arm's-length transaction and thus provides the basis for the recognition of profit on such transfers.

b) Profits on upstream transfers associated with the parent's ending inventory are subtracted from subsidiary net income for the current year in the calculation of parent's income from subsidiary. These year-end deferrals are then added to next year's subsidiary net income in the calculation of parent's income from subsidiary. This procedure is inappropriate because all the intra-entity transactions unsold at year-end may not be sold in the next year.

c) Profits on upstream transfers associated with the parent's ending inventory are subtracted from subsidiary net income for the current year in the calculation of parent's income from subsidiary. These year-end deferrals are then added to next year's subsidiary net income in the calculation of parent's income from subsidiary. This procedure is appropriate even if all the intra-entity transactions unsold at year-end may not be sold in the next year.

d) Merchandise transfers from a parent to its subsidiary that have not been sold to unaffiliated parties should be included in consolidated inventory at their transfer price.

e) Noncontrolling interest in subsidiary's net income should not be reduced for upstream or downstream ending inventory profits.