Attempt all the problems illustrated below:

problem 1:

a) What do you understand by the term institutional arrangements for resolving shipper’s problem? Describe.

b) Privatization of ports is considered essential for the fast development of port infrastructure. Describe.

problem 2: Describe the fundamental principles and factors which govern the liner freight rates. As well specify the various elements added to bank of freight rates to work out the final changes to be paid in case of break- bulk cargo.

problem 3: prepare short notes on the given terms:

a) Joint Venture.
b) Land Bridging.
c) Export Order.
d) Multi-Model Transport.

problem 4: Differentiate between the given:

a) Domestic and International Logistics.
b) Total Cost Concept and Total System Concept.
c) Free In Gross out and Gross In Free Out.
d) MTO and MTD.

problem 5: Comment in brief on the given statements:

a) A firm can attract additional customers by providing better services at lower price.
b) Tank containers are employed for dry bulk cargo.
c) Bill of lading is a negotiable instrument in the commercial sense.
d) Overseas cargo is handled at main ports only.