The two cartoon videos on 'Nudging' are best interpreted as showing that:

Question 4 options:

a) It is important to focus not merely on what facts are communicated to patients about the risks and benefits of different treatment options but also on how human minds (which are not always perfectly rational) will interpret that information.

b) The emphasis in biomedical ethics on informed consent as an important way to respect patient autonomy is misguided. Clearly patients just want to be told what to do. The duty of beneficence always overrides any requirement to respect autonomy.

c) You should always choose the less invasive treatment option, because it involves less risk. The people who got the message in Nudging Scenario 1 were thus misled by the doctor.

d) Since patient rationality is an unattainable ideal, medical professionals should always tell patients what they would do in the patientâs situation.