The multiple-choice & true/false questions are worth 1 point each.

1. A child's cohort would include their
A) neighbors
B) immediate family
C) parents
D) classmates * (Logic: cohort =a group/follower)

2. Experiments allow researchers to:
A) reflect the natural environment
B) study the entire complexity and uniqueness of an individual *
C) inexpensively follow the scientific method
D) determine cause-and-effect

3. The greatest disadvantage of experiments is that scientists:
A) cannot control the environment in the experiment
B) cannot ensure that people's behaviors in the experiment are the same as they would be in normal everyday life *
C) cannot test a hypothesis scientifically
D) cannot determine which factor is the real cause

4. A researcher is interested in studying the effects of aging on memory, but data gathered using the cross sectional design may also include the effects of
A) a dependent variable
B) participants moving away and dropping out of the study
C) differences among age groups that are not due to age
D) statistical analysis *

5. Correlations do NOT tell researchers:
A) whether a relationship between two variables is positive or negative
B) that one variable causes another
C) that there is a relationship between variables
D) how strong a relationship exists between two variables *

6. Marianna used a prescription medicine for two weeks while she was pregnant. The potential damage:
A) depends partly on when during her pregnancy she took the medicine *
B) is the same throughout the pregnancy
C) is greater for structures that are fully developed
D) is highest during the last trimester

7. Given a set of quadruplets consisting of two girls and two boys, AT LEAST how many ova had to be fertilized?
A) one *
B) two
C) three
D) four

8. Generalizing from what is known about the infant's experience of birth, the breathing problems often experienced by cesarean-delivered newborns might be remedied by
A) delivering the baby before labor begins
B) stimulating the secretion of stress hormones in the newborn
C) immediately removing the nasal plugs of the newborn
D) administering oxygen to the mother during the third stage of labor *

9. Pregnancy is most likely to end:
A) during the germinal period *
B) in spontaneous abortion in the period of the embryo
C) in spontaneous abortion in the period of the fetus
D) in induced abortion in the second trimester

10. A baby places all new objects into her mouth. However, after she places a shiny object into her mouth and it hurts her tongue, she no longer places shiny objects into her mouth. Piaget would say that the baby has:
A) demonstrated object permanence
B) experienced assimilation *
C) experienced accommodation
D) demonstrated egocentrism

11. The baby described in the question above would fit in Freud's _______ stage of psychosexual development.
A) sensorimotor
B) oral
C) anal *
D) latency

12. Piaget believed that infants:
A) actively seek to comprehend their world *
B) learn mostly through reinforcement
C) sleep too much
D) are passive receptors of stimulation

13. A baby looks, coos, and smiles at a new mobile hanging over her crib. After a few weeks, she barely glances at it. What has occurred?
A) sensory maturation
B) sensitization
C) habituation
D) deferred imitation *

14. When little Tommy's father hides a ball behind his back, Tommy quickly loses interest in the ball. This suggests that Tommy has not accomplished:
A) object permanence
B) attachment *
C) curiosity
D) basic trust

15. A baby who says "ba-ba-ba-ba" is:
A) babbling
B) using telegraphic speech
C) cooing
D) using expressive jargon*

16. Mollie, age 4, cannot go to sleep without her favorite rag doll. The doll is an example of:
A) repression
B) reaction formation
C) a transitional object
D) habituation *

17. Sam clings to his mother during the strange situation test. When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. He appears to have which pattern of attachment.
A) secure attachment
B) insecure-schizoid
C) insecure-avoidant *(Type A attachment)
D) insecure-resistant

18. Infant babbling appears to be tied to brain maturation rather than vocal cord maturation.
A) True *
B) False

19. The securely attached infant is likely to explore an unfamiliar environment when his mother is present.
A) True *
B) False

20. Margaret has a ball of Silly Putty. Her 6-year-old son, Gary, watches as Margaret flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." When Margaret asks Gary if there is now more Silly Putty, Gary replies, "Yes." Piaget would say that Gary has:
A) demonstrated scaffolding
B) demonstrated fast mapping *
C) not mastered the concept of conservation
D) all of the above

21. The Language Acquisition Device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain:
A) vocabulary spurts
B) the difference between surface structure and deep structure
C) the universal inborn ability to learn language
D) the systematic differences among languages *

22. Timothy is listening to some music through headphones so no one else can hear it. When his mother walks into the room, he says, "Mommy, do you like this song?" Timothy's question indicates ________ thinking.
A) advanced
B) egocentric * (first understanding of something is accepted as absolute truth by children)
C) decentered
D) transformational

23. Children have difficulty with fine motor skills because:
A) they lack the necessary muscular control *
B) they lack the necessary patience
C) they lack the necessary judgment
D) all of the above are reasons

24. Comparing children in different nations and various ethnic groups shows that the best parenting style:
A) is authoritarian
B) is authoritative
C) is traditional
D) varies according to the culture and community *

25. Which demonstrates the principle of reversibility?
A) The teenager in the photograph is Grandpa.
B) Addition can be used to undo subtraction.
C) There is still only one pizza regardless of how many slices we make.
D) A frog was once a tadpole. *(inductive logic, Piaget's view about children)

26. Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a baby-sitter. According to Piaget, Bobby's thinking is no longer characterized by:
A) conservation
B) object permanence*
C) centration
D) overgeneralization

27. According to Vygotsky, skills that the person can accomplish with assistance but is not yet ready to perform independently are part of:
A) private speech
B) the gap between heredity and learning*
C) distal development
D) the zone of proximal development

28. A 3-day-old infant has sneezed. It is most likely that he:
A) has a cold *
B) smelled something he did not like
C) did so as a reflex
D) has asthma

29. When one-month-old Jenna is held upright with her feet touching a flat surface, she should:
A) move her legs as if to walk
B) curl up her toes
C) kick out her legs
D) move her legs upward toward her body *

30. Sara, 3, seeing a little boy fall and hurt himself, gets a look of concern on her face. She is probably experiencing:
A) fear *
B) sadness
C) empathy
D) frustration

31. Carmen is a slow-to-warm-up child. If her parents are a good fit, they will:
A) insist that she become immediately involved in new activities.
B) push her into leadership roles.
C) discourage her involvement with others since it might be painful.
D) give her time to adjust to new situations. *

32. When capable of concrete operational thought, children can:
A) think logically about real situations
B) think logically about abstract ideas
C) consistently make good decisions
D) solve most problems on their own *

33. Concerning speeding on the highway, who is behaving in accord with Stage 5 moral reasoning?
A) Jeannette does not speed because, "If I did, everyone else could speed too." *
B) Juanita speeds because she is in a big hurry.
C) Jack does not speed because he knows that he could get a ticket.
D) Armond speeds because his passenger loves going fast and is impressed by him.

34. In the 1950s, American civil rights workers disobeyed laws that they believed were unjust. According to Kohlberg, this behavior would represent a _______ level of moral reasoning.
A) preconventional
B) conventional *
C) postconventional
D) immoral

35. Because of ¬¬¬¬¬________, a 10-month-old may later pick up and try to use the scissors that his brother used to cut paper.
A) cross-modal perception
B) overextensions
C) LAD
D) deferred imitation *

36. Which statement best reflects moral reasoning at the preconventional level?
A) "I obey a higher power."
B) "Every citizen should obey the rules."*
C) "I want everyone to like me."
D) "I am careful not to get caught."

37. In general, the biggest problem for autistic individuals as they grow up is their lack of:
A) social understanding *
B) motor skills
C) intelligence
D) imagination

38. A common characteristic of bullies is that they:
A) lack friends.
B) are rejected by their peers. *
C) lack empathy.
D) only bully during middle childhood.

39. A young girl's parents have established rules, but on occasion they will make an exception when their daughter gives a good reason. Their parenting style is:
A) authoritarian
B) permissive *
C) neglectful
D) authoritative

40. Which child is most likely to have permissive parents?
A) Richard, who is obedient but not very happy
B) George, who is happy and successful *
C) Tony, who is unhappy and lacks self-control
D) Peter, who generous, but a drug user

41. Identify the statement that best illustrates the cognitive concept called "identity."
A) "Even though they are an omelet now, they are still two eggs." *
B) "If you'll let me have one of your cookies, I'll let you use my new crayons."
C) "If you give back my doll, we can be friends again."
D) "Mommy can make my scraped knee well again."

42. Compared with younger children, older children:
A) change friends frequently.
B) make new friends easily.
C) choose friends from both sexes. *
D) demand more from their friends.

43. Having a developmental perspective on any special problem that a child might have makes it clear that the symptoms of the problem:
A) intensify as the child grows older *
B) remain stable across the lifespan
C) change as the child grows older
D) are apparent in the first year of life

44. Although both nature and nurture create human behavior, the nature-nurture "controversy," or issue, continues because:
A) certain learned behaviors often change genetic structure
B) nature is a greater influence than nurture among certain groups
C) research now shows less interaction between the two than previously thought
D) how much each shapes a particular characteristic is still not clear *