The direction of change in trade balance is uncertain because expansionary monetary policy may exert forces in the opposite direction. What are they?

a) Exchange rates rise (depreciation) and expected exchange rates fall (appreciation).

b) An increase in financial assets raises foreign inflows and raises the trade balance, whereas decreases in interest rates lower the trade balance.

c) An increase in income tends to lower the trade balance, whereas a fall in interest rates through depreciation tends to raise the trade balance.

d) An increase in the supply of money raises interest rates, which lowers the trade balance, whereas the increase in the demand for money raises it.