Six independent situations follow.

A. A manual insertion process takes 30 minutes and eight pounds of material to produce a product. Automating the insertion process requires 15 minutes of machine time and 7.5 pounds of material. The cost per labor hour is $12, the cost per machine hour is $8, and the cost per pound of materials is $10.

B. With its original design, a gear requires eight hours of setup time. By redesigning the gear so that the number of different grooves needed is reduced by 50 percent, the setup time is reduced by 75 percent. The cost per setup hour is $50.

C. A product currently requires six moves. By redesigning the manufacturing layout, the number of moves can be reduced from six to zero. The cost per move is $20.

D. Inspection time for a plant is 16,000 hours per year. The cost of inspection con- sists of salaries of eight inspectors, totaling $320,000. Inspection also uses sup- plies costing $5 per inspection hour. The company eliminated most defective components by eliminating low-quality suppliers. The number of production errors was reduced dramatically by installing a system of statistical process con- trol. Further quality improvements were realized by redesigning the products, making them easier to manufacture. The net effect was to achieve a close to zero defect state and eliminate the need for any inspection activity.

E. Each unit of a product requires six components. The average number of compo- nents is 6.5 due to component failure, requiring rework and extra components. By developing relations with the right suppliers and increasing the quality of the purchased component, the average number of components can be reduced to six components per unit. The cost per component is $500.

F. A plant produces 100 different electronic products. Each product requires an average of eight components that are purchased externally. The components are different for each part. By redesigning the products, it is possible to produce the 100 products so that they all have four components in common. This will reduce the demand for purchasing, receiving, and paying bills. Estimated savings from the reduced demand are $900,000 per year.

Required

Provide the following information for each of the six preceding situations.

1. An estimate of the non-value-added cost caused by each activity.

2. The root cause(s) of the activity cost (such as plant layout, process design, and product design).

3. The cost reduction measure: activity elimination, activity reduction, activity shar- ing, or activity selection.