Rockyford Company must replace some machinery that has zero book value and a current market value of $2,800. One possibility is to invest in new machinery costing $50,000. This new machinery would produce estimated annual pretax cash operating savings of $20,000. Assume the new machine will have a useful life of four years and depreciation of $12,500 each year for book and tax purposes. It will have no salvage value at the end of four years. The investment in this new machinery would require an additional $4,000 investment of net working capital. (Assume that when the old machine was purchased the incremental net working capital required at the time was $0.)

If Rockyford accepts this investment proposal, the disposal of the old machinery and the investment in the new one will occur on December 31 of this year. The cash flows from the investment will occur during the next four calendar years.

Rockyford is subject to a 40% income-tax rate for all ordinary income and capital gains and has a 9% weighted-average after-tax cost of capital. All operating and tax cash flows are assumed to occur at year-end.

1. Determine the after-tax cash flow arising from disposing of the old machinery.

2. Determine the present value of the after-tax cash flows for the next four years attributable to the cash operating savings

3. Determine the present value of the tax shield effect of depreciation for year 1.