Q. Using the GG - LL framework, analyze the effect of an increase in the size and frequency of sudden shifts in the demand for a country's exports.

Answer: Such a alter pushes LL upward and to the right. Therefore the level of economic integration at which it becomes worthwhile to join the currency rises. Generally increased variability in the product markets makes countries less willing to enter fixed exchange rate areas. This prediction assists explain why the oil price shocks after 1973 made countries unwilling to revitalize the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates.