Question - Tireco, a domestic corporation, is a tire manufacturer. Tireco is planning to build a new production facility, and has narrowed down the possible sites for this new plant to either Goodstan (a low-tax foreign country) or Badstan (a high-tax foreign country). Tireco will structure the new facility as a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary, Sproutco, and finance Sproutco solely with an equity investment. Tireco projects that Sproutco's results during its first year of operations will be as follows:

Sales $400,000,000

Cost of goods sold  (290,000,000)

Selling, general, and administrative expenses (60,000,000)

Net profit $50,000,000

Assume that the United States corporate tax rate is 35%, the Goodstan rate is 20%, and the Badstan rate is 40%. Further, assume that both Goodstan and Badstan impose a 5% withholding rate on dividend distributions, but neither country imposes withholding taxes on interest or royalty payments.

Compute the total tax rate (United States plus foreign) on Sproutco's profits under the following assumptions:

a) The new production facility is located in Goodstan and Sproutco repatriates none of its profits during the first year.

b) The new production facility is located in Goodstan and Sproutco repatriates 30% of its profits during the first year through a dividend distribution.

c) The new production facility is located in Badstan and Sproutco repatriates none of its profits during the first year.

d) The new production facility is located in Badstan and Sproutco repatriates 30% of its profits during the first year through a dividend distribution.

e) The new production facility is located in Badstan and Tireco modifies its plans for Sproutco as follows:

i. finance Sproutco with both debt and equity, such that Sproutco will pay Tireco $15 million of interest each year,

ii. charge Sproutco an annual royalty of $10 million for the use of Sproutco's patents and trade secrets, and

iii. eliminate Sproutco's dividend distribution.

What do the results of these various scenarios suggest regarding the differential tax costs of operating in low- versus high-tax countries?