If a shareholder does not have sufficient stock basis to deduct his or her share of an S corporation's losses and deductible items, what are the tax consequences?

1. The excess losses and deductions may be carried back three years and then forward up to five years to offset other income items of identical character.

2. The excess losses and deductions are suspended until the corporation's or shareholder's future activities generate sufficient new basis against which to deduct the losses.

3. The excess losses and deductions may not be deducted at any time and can never provide tax benefit.

4. None of the above.