For each of the following, determine the amount of net income or net loss for the year.

(a) Revenues for the year totaled $88,500 and expenses totaled $40,500. Additional capital stock of $15,000 was issued for cash during the year.

(b) Revenues for the year totaled $175,000 and expenses totaled $220,500. Dividends paid during the year were $40,000. No additional stock was issued.

(c) Revenues for the year totaled $109,000 and expenses totaled $46,000. Capital stock of $12,000 was issued for cash and dividends of $16,000 were paid during the year.

(d) Revenues for Konner Co. totaled $223,800 and expenses totaled $221,300. Cash dividends of $35,000 were paid during the year. No additional stock was issued.