As of 2011, 38 percent of black children under the age of 18 were living with both parents, while the corresponding figure for non-Hispanic white children was 77 percent. In addition, the existence of racial residential segregation results in black children and white children typically attending different schools. Using the approach of education production functions, explain the implications of these differences for the educational outcomes of black children and white children, and the corresponding implications for relative earnings by race.