A. Use a graph of supply and demand under perfect competition to show a situation where the consumer price increases by exactly the amount of a specific excise tax paid by the producer

B. Young and Bielinska-Kwapisz (2002)* showed that alcohol sales exhibit a feature where the consumer price increases by more than the value of the tax paid by the producer. They call this an “over-shifted” result. What is the key difference between their model and the one used in class that allows them to find this result?