"1.All latitude bands in Figure 1 show long-term temperature anomaly trends, especially since about the mid-1970s, indicating ________. [ ]cooling [ ]steady temperatures [ ]warming

 2.Based on the red lowess smoothing curves from 1900 to 2013, the greatest warming occurred in the ________ latitude band. [ ]Northern Extratropics- [ ]Tropics- [ ]Southern Extratropic

3.Annual ice extent is presented in Figure 2a. The red line of best fit shows a general per decade trend in ice extent of ________ %. The North Pole is located in the center of the ice concentration map to the right. Canada is in the bottom portion of the map, Russia is in the upper portion, and Alaska is to the left. [ ]-3.8 [ ]0.0 [ ]+3.8 

4.In Figure 2b, the graphic showed a downward trend in the overall multiyear ice coverage as monitored on 1 January each year. The map on the right shows that ________ Arctic Ocean areas experienced an increase in multiyear ice coverage. [ ]all [ ]some [ ]n

5.The Figure 2c graph shows that winter ice thickness has been trending downward. According to the red trend line, the ice thickness has been reduced from about 3.7 m in the early 1980s to less than 2.0 m in 2009, almost a 50% loss. The map to the right shows that at the North Pole (in the center of the image), the ice thickness has decreased about ________ m per decade. [ ]1.0 [ ]0.5 [ ]0 

6.The albedo of an ocean water surface is considerably lower than the albedo of sea ice, that is, a water surface absorbs more of the sunlight striking it than does an ice surface. (Refer to your textbook to review albedo values over different surfaces.) Hence, shrinkage of the Arctic sea ice cover and the attendant increase in ice-free ocean surfaces would result in ________ absorption of solar radiation during the Arctic summer. [ ]greater [ ]about the same [ ]less 

7.This absorption of solar radiation produces ________ sea surface temperatures. [ ]higher [ ]minimal change in [ ]lower 

8.With higher air and water temperatures in the Arctic, we would expect the rate of melting of Arctic sea ice cover to increase and lead to further warming. This is an example of ________ feedback. This ice/albedo feedback is summarized graphically in Figure 3. [ ]positive [ ]negative

9.In Figure 3, "Thinner Ice Cover" and "Less Snow Cover" cause "More SW (solar short wave radiation) absorbed in system" because thinner ice cover and less snow cover ________ the surface albedo. [ ]increases [ ]decreases 

10.In Figure 3, evaporation is accounted for in the box entitled "Increased Summer Open Water." Less sea ice cover and higher sea surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean would mean ________ rates of evaporation and a more humid lower atmosphere. [ ]higher [ ]lower 

11.Another sequence of processes involves feedback related to clouds. A more humid atmosphere in the Arctic would likely increase the cloud cover. Clouds cause both cooling (by reflecting sunlight to space) and warming (by absorbing outgoing infrared radiation from Earth's surface and radiating some of that energy downward). During the long dark polar winter, clouds would have a warming effect. Since the primary process at this time of the year is radiative cooling, this wintertime situation is an example of a ________ feedback on temperature. [ ]positive [ ]negative 

12.In summer, the impact of greater cloud cover depends on the height of the clouds. Cooling would prevail with an increase in low cloud cover, thereby providing ________ feedback. Warming would likely accompany an increase in high cloud cover, thereby providing the opposite feedback. [ ]positive [ ]negative 

13.The presence or absence of snow cover has significant impacts on weather and climate. Because of higher temperatures in recent decades the extent of seasonal snow cover has decreased. In Figure 3, follow the path from "Less Snow Cover" through short wave radiation absorption and onward. This reduction in snow cover is a ________ feedback mechanism, further strengthening Polar Amplification. [ ]positive [ ]negative

14.In Figure 4, it can be seen that the snow cover is highly reflective of sunlight, returning large amounts of incident solar energy back to space. The lower-albedo bare ground reflects less of the sunlight striking it. Assuming that in the cloud-free regions in the image it was midday and the rate of incoming solar radiation was relatively uniform over the area, the ________ ground would experience a greater heating effect by the sunlight. [ ]snow-covered [ ]bare "