1. The form of economics most relevant to managerial decision-making within the firm is:

a.|macroeconomics|

b. |welfare economics|

c. |free-enterprise economics|

d. |microeconomics|

e. |none of the above|

2. If one defines incremental cost as the change in total cost resulting from a decision, and
incremental revenue as the change in total revenue resulting from a decision, any business decision is profitable if:

a. |it increases revenue more than costs or reduces costs more than revenue|

b. |it decreases some costs more than it increases others (assuming revenues remain constant)|

c. |it increases some revenues more than it decreases others (assuming costs remain constant)|

d. |all of the above|

e. |b and c only|

3. In the shareholder wealth maximization model, the value of a firm's stock is equal to the present
value of all expected future ____ discounted at the stockholders' required rate
of return.

a. |profits (cash flows)|

b. |revenues|

c. |outlays|

d. |costs|

e. |investments|

4. Which of the following statements concerning the shareholder wealth maximization model is
(are) true?

a. |The timing of future profits is explicitly considered.|

b. |The model provides a conceptual basis for evaluating differential levels of risk.|

c. |The model is only valid for dividend-paying firms.|

d. |a and b|

e. |a, b, and c|

5. According to the profit-maximization goal, the firm should attempt to maximize short-run profits
since there is too much uncertainty associated with long-run profits.

a. |true|

b. |false|

6. According to the innovation theory of profit, above-normal profits are necessary to compensate
the owners of the firm for the risk they assume when making their investments.

a. |true|

b. |false|

7. According to the managerial efficiency theory of profit, above-normal profits can arise because
of high-quality managerial skills.

a. |true|

b. |false|

8. Which of the following (if any) is not a factor affecting the profit performance of firms:

a. |differential risk|

b. |innovation|

c. |managerial skills|

d. |existence of monopoly power|

e. |all of the above are factors|

9. Agency problems and costs are incurred whenever the owners of a firm delegate decision-making
authority to management.

a. |true|

b. |false|

10. Income tax payments are an example of ____.

a. |implicit costs|

b. |explicit costs|

c. |normal return on investment|

d. |shareholder wealth|

e. |none of the above|

11. The common factors that give rise to all principal-agent problems include the

a. |unobservability of some manager-agent action|

b. |presence of random disturbances in team production|

c. |the greater number of agents relative to the number of principals|

d. |a and b only|

e. |none of the above|

12. The Saturn Corporation (once a division of GM) was permanently closed in 2009.   What went wrong with Saturn?

a. Saturn's cars sold at prices higher than rivals Honda or Toyota, so they could not sell many cars.

 b. Saturn sold cars below the prices of Honda or Toyota, earning a low 3% rate of return.

c. Saturn found that young buyers of Saturn automobiles were very loyal to Saturn and GM.

d. Saturn implemented a change management view that helped make first time Saturn purchasers trade up to Buick or Cadillac.

 e. all of the above

13. Which of the following will increase (V0), the shareholder wealth maximization model of the
firm:

V0·(shares outstanding) = St=1 (p t ) / (1+ke)t   +
Real Option Value.

a. Decrease the required rate of return (ke).

b. Decrease the stream of profits (pt).

c. Decrease the number of periods from   to 10 periods.

d. Decrease the real option value.

e. All of the above.

14. The primary objective of a for-profit firm is to ___________.

a. maximize agency costs

b. minimize average cost

c. maximize total revenue

d. set output where total revenue equals total cost

e maximize shareholder value

15. Possible goals of Not-For-Profit (NFP) enterprises include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. maximize total costs

b. maximize output, subject to a breakeven constraint

c. maximize the happiness of the administrators of the NFP enterprise

d. maximize the utility of the contributors

e. a. and c.

16. The flat-screen plasma TVs are selling extremely well. The originators of this technology are earning higher profits.   What theory of profit best reflects the
performance of the plasma screen makers?

a. risk-bearing theory of profit

b. dynamic equilibrium theory of profit

c. innovation theory of profit  

d. managerial efficiency theory of profit

e. stochastic optimization theory of profit

17. Recently, the American Medical Association changed its recommendations on the frequency of
pap-smear exams for women. The new frequency recommendation was designed to address the family histories of the patients.   The optimal frequency should be where the marginal benefit of an additional pap-test:

a. equals zero.

b. is greater than the marginal cost of the test

c. is lower than the marginal cost of an additional test

d. equals the marginal cost of the test

e. both a and b.