1. Elvin, a manager at a breakfast cereal company, is faced with the problem of a reduction in sales. After a lot of analysis, Elvin has come up with two courses of actions. He is now contemplating whether to improve packaging or offer discounts to boost sales. Which of the following stages of decision making can be seen in Elvin's case?

a) Identifying the problem

b) Contingency planning

c) Analyzing options

d) Monitoring consequences

e) Defining the problem

2. A detailed schedule for training new employees is most likely to be found in a(n) _____ plan.

a) strategic

b) contingency

c) executive

d) operational

e) tactical