Question 1. The arousal approach to motivation argues that performance is best when the arousal level of the body and the ____________ is moderate.

a sympathetic nervous system

b peripheral nervous system

c parasympathetic nervous system

d central nervous system

Question 2. An important component of the incentive approach to motivation is that ____________________.

a past successes have no influence on motivation to set similar goals in the future.

b individuals are 'pushed' into action or directed to achieve a specific goal.

c actions taken to achieve goals must be successfully reinforced.

d the drive to achieve a goal is not influenced by whether or not the individual values that particular goal.

Question 3. The fight-or-flight response is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

a increased heart rate

b slowing metabolism

c sweating

d the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 4. _____________ is distinctive in its focus on the social and cultural elements that influence how and when a person is motivated to act

a Cognitive balance theory

b Self-determination theory

c Cognitive dissonance theory

d Social-drive theory

Question 5. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, __________________.

a psychological experiences of emotion can cause facial expressions

b facial expressions can cause psychological experiences of emotion

c both a and

b d none of the above

Question 6. we never rationalize and explain our behavior Fight of flight physiological reactions are closely associated with the emotion of ____________.

a happiness

b fear

c sadness

d disgust

Question 7. According to psychologist and neuroscientist Paul MacLean, the _______ is responsible for primitive emotions like fear and aggression.

a reptilian brain

b "old" mammalian brain

c "new" mammalian brain

d none of the above

Question 8. Which of the following motivates the organism that is either deprived or stimulated to act, but it does not itself provide any direction for that motivation?

a instinct

b reflex

c drive

d incentive

Question 9. This cognitive theory of motivation is posits when certain combinations of cognitive elements and relations are imbalanced, the imbalance creates a cognitively frustrating or uncomfortable state.

a cognitive dissonance theory

b self-determination theory

c cognitive balance theory

d drive-reduction theory

Question 10. According to Sigmund Freud, we rationalize and explain our behavior ______.

a before we take action

b after the fact

c unconsciously

d none of the above

Question 11. Damage to which of the following parts of the brain causes a decreased ability to read facial cues?

a the amygdala

b the pre-frontal cortex

c the hypothalamus

d none of the above

Question 12. Which of the following is not a consideration when it comes to how a person will persist in achieving a goal?

a the environment

b perceived desirability of the goal

c difficulty in achieving the goal

d opportunity for personal reward

Question 13. Which of the following best describes emotional universalism?

a There are at least some emotions that are biologically determined and experienced and expressed by all people in all cultures in the same way.

b There are only six fundamental facial expressions.

c Emotional experiences and expressions vary cross-culturally as a result of diverse adaptive pressures and cultural practices.

d All emotions are biologically determined.

Question 14. Which of the following statements would Cannon and Bard endorse?

a It is not possible to have an emotional experience without any physiological expression of that experience.

b Physiological experiences occur simultaneously with emotional experiences.

c Emotional reactions and the perception of stimuli are entirely unrelated.

d Emotional responses are inflexible and hard-wired in the brain.

Question 15. Which of the following is also known as the two-factor theory of emotions?

a the James-Lange theory

b the Cannon-Bard theory

c the Schachter-Singer theory

d the drive-reduction theory

Question 16.  The neurochemical that has strong physiological effects, impacts the feeling of emotional intensity, and can create both feelings of competence, enthusiasm, and excitement, ad well as feelings of panic, anxiety, and uneasiness is _____________.

a GABA

b endorphin

c serotonin

d epinephrine